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NOTE: Use et al. when three or more names are given.
References in text:
References need not be cited in the text. When they are, they appear on the line, in square brackets, inside the punctuation. Grammatically, they may be treated as if they were footnote numbers, e.g., as shown by Brown [4], [5]; as mentioned earlier [2], [4]–[7], [9]; Smith [4] and Brown and Jones [5]; Wood et al. [7]
or as nouns:
as demonstrated in [3]; according to [4] and [6]–[9].
References Within a Reference:
Check the reference list for ibid. or op. cit. These refer to a previous reference and should be eliminated from the reference section. In text, repeat the earlier reference number and renumber the reference section accordingly. If the ibid. gives a new page number, or other information, use the following forms:
[3, Th. 1]; [3, Lemma 2]; [3, pp. 5-10]; [3, eq. (2)]; [3, Fig. 1]; [3, Appendix I]; [3, Sec. 4.5]; [3, Ch. 2, pp. 5-10];
[3, Algorithm 5].
NOTE: Editing of references may entail careful renumbering of references, as well as the citations in text.
Basic Format:
[#] A. Author, Title: Subtitle (in italics), Edition(if not the first), Vol.(if a multivolume work). Place of publication: Publisher, Year, page number(s) (if appropriate).
NOTE: Use et al. when six or more names are given in the reference list.
Some examples from the IEEE Editorial Style Manual (Online):
Books Online (Ebooks):
Books, Monographs (Online)Basic Format:
J. K. Author, “Title of chapter in the book,” in Title of Published Book, xth ed. City of Publisher, State, Country:Abbrev. of Publisher, year, ch. x, sec. x, pp. xxx–xxx. [Online]. Available: http://www.web.com
Examples:
Basic Format:
[#] A. Author, “Name of paper,” Abbrev. Title of Periodical, vol. x, no. x, pp. xxx-xxx, Abbrev. Month, year.
NOTE: Use et al. when six or more names are given in the reference list.
Some Examples from the IEEE Editorial Style Manual (Online):
[1] R. E. Kalman, “New results in linear filtering and prediction theory,” J. Basic Eng., ser. D, vol. 83, pp. 95-108, Mar. 1961.
[2] Ye. V. Lavrova, “Geographic distribution of ionospheric disturbances in the F2 layer,” Tr. IZMIRAN, vol. 19, no.29, pp. 31–43, 1961 (Transl.: E. R. Hope, Directorate of Scientific Information Services, Defence Research Board of Canada, Rep. T384R, Apr. 1963).
[3] E. P. Wigner, “On a modification of the Rayleigh–Schrodinger perturbation theory,” (in German), Math. Naturwiss. Anz. Ungar. Akad. Wiss., vol. 53, p. 475, 1935.
[4] E. H. Miller, “A note on reflector arrays,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., to be published.***Always use this style when the paper has been accepted or scheduled for a future publication, i.e. do not use "to appear in."***
[5] C. K. Kim, “Effect of gamma rays on plasma,” submitted for publication.***Always use this style when the paper has not yet been accepted or scheduled for a future publication, i.e. do not use "to appear in."***
[6] W. Rafferty, “Ground antennas in NASA’s deep space telecommunications,” Proc. IEEE, vol. 82, no. 5, pp. 636-640, May 1994.
For Conference proceedings online:
NOTE: Use et al. when six or more names are given in the reference list.
[#] A. Editor and B. Editor, Eds., Title of Conf.: Subtitle of conference, Month Date, Year, Location (optional). Place of publication: Name of Publisher, Year. Available: Database Name (if appropriate), internet address. [Accessed: date of access].
Basic Format:
[#] J. K. Author, “Title of paper,” in Abbreviated Name of Conf., City of Conf., Abbrev. State), year, pp. xxx-xxx.***Location of conference is optional***
For an electronic conference article when there are no page numbers:
[#] J. K. Author [two authors: J. K. Author and A. N. Writer ] [three or more authors: J. K. Author et al.],
“Title of Article,” in [Title of Conf. Record as], [copyright year] © [IEEE or applicable copyright holder of the Conference Record]. doi: [DOI number]
For an unpublished paper presented at a conference:
[#] J. K. Author, “Title of paper,” presented at the abbrev. Name of Conf., City of Conf., Abbrev. State, year.
Reports in Print:
NOTE: Use et al. when six or more names are given in the reference list.
Basic Format:
J. K. Author, “Title of report,” Abbrev. Name of Co., City of Co., Abbrev. State, Country, Rep. xxx, year.
Examples:
Online Reports:
Standard format for citing online interviews, radio programs, you tube videos, however, the citation may vary depending on the format of the recording:
NOTE: Use et al. when six or more names are given in the reference list.
[#] A. A. Artist , Credit, and B. B. Artist, Credit, "Title of episode," Title of Programme: Subtitle, Date of recording, Year. Place of recording: Publisher. [Format]. Available: Internet address. [Accessed: Month Day, Year].
For a podcast:
[1] W. Rebecca, Speaker, Earth and it's crust, 2017 David Suzuki Lecture Series. Victoria (BC): University of Victoria; 2017. [Podcast]. Available: https://dspace.uvic.ca/earthanditscrustpodcast. [Accessed Sept. 6, 2018].
W. Chen, Speaker, Applied Mechanics Audio Interview, AMR Audio Interviews, August 24, 2018. Applied Mechanics Reviews. [Podcasts]. http://appliedmechanicsreviews.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/podcasts.aspx. [Accessed October 1, 2018].
For Interviews or other sources of communication that are unpublished:
Interviews and personal communications (conversations, emails, letters, etc.) generally are cited in footnotes are excluded from Bibliography.
Footnotes format:
Interviewee/Email Sender First Name/Initial Surname, interview with/email to First Name Surname, Date of Interview.
Example:
Video Recordings standard format:
NOTE: Use et al. when six or more names are given in the reference list.
FirstInitial. LastName OR Screen name. "Title of video," YouTube, Date uploaded, Year. [Video file]. Available: URL. [Accessed: Month Day, Year].
Example:
University of Washington. "Explore UW Engineering - Mechanical Engineering," YouTube, Aug. 10, 2015 [Video file]. Available: https://youtu.be/eUvkwxbMWdE. [Accessed: Sept. 28, 2018].
Standards - Basic Format:
Title of Standard, Standard number, Corporate author, location, date.
Title of Standard, Standard number, date.
Examples:
Standard Online - Basic Format:
Title of Standard, Standard number, Corporate author, location, date. [Online]. Available: https://www.url.com
Title of Standard, Standard number, date. [Online]. Available: https://www.url.com
Example:
Patent Retain or request the day of the month when referencing a patent. NOTE: Use “issued date” if several dates are given.
Basic Format:
J. K. Author, “Title of patent,” U.S. Patent x xxx xxx, Abbrev. Month, day, year.
J. K. Author, “Title of patent,” Country Patent xxx, Abbrev. Month, day, year.
Examples:
Patent Online Basic Format:
Name of the invention, by inventor’s name. (year, month day). Patent Number [Type of medium]. Available: site/path/file
Examples:
Some databases and online journals include DOI (Digital Object Identifier) numbers within the record for each article. DOIs are unique numbers assigned to digital objects that will not change over time.
The basic guideline for citing online sources is to follow the standard citation for the source given previously and add the Digital Object Identifier (DOI) at the end of the citation, or add the DOI in place of page numbers if the source is not paginated. The DOI for each IEEE conference article is assigned when the article is processed for inclusion in the IEEE Xplore digital library and is included with the reference data of the article in Xplore. See The DOI System for more information about the benefits of DOI referencing.
Example of article with DOI:
F. Shang, H. Wu, G. Niu, M. Krishnamurthy and A. Isurin, "Dynamic Analysis and Control Approach for a High-Gain Step-Up Converter for Electrified Transportation," in IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 656-667, Sept. 2017. doi: 10.1109/TTE.2017.2743418
IEEE Publications uses Webster’s College Dictionary, 4th Edition. For guidance on grammar and usage not included
in this manual, please consult The Chicago Manual of Style, published by the University of Chicago Press.
NOTE: Most of these examples and reference formats have been taken from the following sources, please consult them for comprehensive citation styles.
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